Which/ whichever与what /whatever在名词从句中做定语修饰n时的区别 |
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1 网友的问题涉及所谓融合型关系分句(fused relatives)中,what/whatever, which/whichever 作为融合型关系限定词的用法。 2 根据Huddleston所著《剑桥英语语法》,which作为融合型关系词只能是关系限定词, 用于所谓的自由选择结构(free choice construction)中,此时which 为 whichever 的简略形式,在意义上等同于 whichever。但除了自由选择结构外,则不能用which,而要用whichever。因此有必要了解自由选择结构。下面用例句作以说明。 You can eat at which restaurant you like. 这个例句表示主句主语you可以自由选择在哪个餐馆吃饭。从句的谓语限于please,want, like, wish, choose等少数动词,且暗示这些动词后省略了不定式短语,如本句省略了to eat (实际上to eat 是不表示出来的)。这种从句必须位于主句谓语之后。 who 也可以在自由选择结构中代替whoever. You can invite who you want. 以上二个例句就是所谓的自由选择结构。who, which作为融合型关系词,在现代英语中只能用于自由选择结构。则意义上等同于whoever,whichever. 根据这种观点,网友的下面句子不属于自由选择结构,因此必须使用-ever类关系词,不能用which。 We’ll eat at whichever restaurant has a free table. (正) We’ll eat at which restaurant has a free table. (误) 同理, She will mary whoever is rich. (正) She will mary who is rich. (误) 3 what是融合型关系词中唯一一个可以自由用于各种结构的不带-ever的关系词。在自由选择结构中,what 和 whatever 几乎没有差别。例如: You can take what/whatever you want. 4 作为融合型关系限定词,what只能后接不可数名词或复数名词,不可以后接单数名词。 5 关系限定词what含有“少数、几个”的意义,该意义可通过little,few予以增强。不可与much, many 连用。例如 I gave him what (little) money I had. (正) I gave him what (few) books I had. (正) I gave him what much money I had. (误) I gave him what many books I had. (误) 6 whatever + 名词总是泛指的。what+名词则可能泛指,可能特指。例如: He was pleased with what money I gave him. 特指。不能用whatever。 I will give him what money I can get. 泛指,可改用whatever。 7 I gave him what books I had. 特指,不宜改用whatever。 Goats eat whatever food they can find. 泛指,可改用what。 8 融合型关系限定词which和what的区别,与疑问限定词which和what的区别相同,即前者表示在一定范围内选择,what则表示没有范围限制。 |
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